The Settlement of Collyer
We wanted to share with you a glimpse into life as the Settlement turned into a Community - (Gleanings from the area's old newspapers and the writings in them show us what the area citizens did, who they were, what businesses abounded, as well as what religious services were being offered. We also want to share with you the progress and history of Collyer.)
May 19, 1879 WaKeeney Weekly World - Collyer Cawings
Railroad land seekers begin to arrive.
Moonlight walks on Sunday eve are growing fashionable with the boys.
W.B.Poler and his mules are kept busy showing people the country.
Mr. McGregor, our popular lumber dealer, is building an office near his yards.
Chas. W. Mulford is now notary public here, having been lately appointed by the governor.
The hotel and land office are being painted. The former will soon be ready for the plasterers.
Religious services were again held in the land office last Sunday. Rev. Mr. Wilson. Seventy persons present. Of these, three were ladies.
A blacksmith and a wagon maker with their families have lately come. They mean to settle right down here and are gladly welcomed by us all.
T.K. Peck, with a party of young men, all from Chicago.....
December 6, 1879 WaKeeney Weekly World - Collyer Cawings
At the close of the Sunday school a meeting was held by the Catholics for the purpose of forming a society. Wm. Spicer was elected chairman and John Burns, secretary. A society was organized, numbering thirty families. Adjourned to meet in two weeks at the same place. The stone for their new church is beginning to pile up, and considerable enthusiasm is being shown in having the building erected.
December 29, 1879 WaKeeney Weekly World -Collyer Cawings
Mrs. York and son, of Chicago, arrived last week.
The large prairie fire mentioned in last letter, destroyed $100 worth of hay for Mr. Comfort.
Quite a number were disappointed last Sabbath in not having the pleasure of listening to a sermon from Rev. State. By a misunderstanding the service was appointed at two o'clock, when it was impossible for him to get here before three o'clock. As a result he found the audience had dispersed.
A movement is now on foot to establish a Catholic Church. A site south of the track has been chosen and a stone building 20 x 30 feet will soon be erected.
The livery stable is preparing for winter by receiving a coat of red paint.
September 8, 1880 Western Kansas Leader
Dr Neally of Collyer favored Us (Wa-Keeney) with a visit.
Another bad washout on the K.P., west of this point (Wa-Keeney).
Collyer has voted to build a stone school house one block and a half south of the depot. The proposed cost is seven hundred dollars. The school board were consulting Architect Cobleig about plans, Tuesday, and they hope to finish the building in time for the winter term.
September 29, 1880 Western Kansas Leader
Our town presented a lively appearance on Sunday, owing no doubt to the fact that Catholic services were held at Mr. Spicer's residence, at which there was a large number in attendance.
A little girl of Mr. Ebeling was bitten by a rattlesnake on Saturday 18th inst. Her limb is discolored and badly swollen and she suffers considerable pain, yet there are hopes of her recovery.
Chas. Thiel met with a painful accident last week, by falling from his wagon while descending a hill going to the Saline. The cords of his neck are very sore and stiff in consequence, but no serious harm done. He was rendered insensible for a time.
The school board have decided to rent a suitable building fro the winter term of school as the farmers have been so busy of late that it was impossible to get stone quarried or hauled. This was thought to be the best course...
March 11, 1885 (reprinted 1979) Western Kansas Leader
A. Cressler, of the North Fork of the Solomon, and applicant for pension examination, registered at the Ainslie House last week.
Mr. Hanchett has erected a house upon his claim, east of town, and he and his little son will keep house until his wife and other children arrive.
The numerous and large hay stacks which surround the farmers barns give a real home-like appearance to their places and testify to last year's bountiful crops.
Monday evening, march 2, two little cowboys appeared at Mr. Spicer's, on Sand Creek, and were immediately adopted into his family as No.s 13 and 14. Mr. Spicer values them at $2,000. and another says they are bright little twins.
Mr. R.D. McDonald, of Hailey, Idaho, arrived on last Friday's train, to pay a visit to his sister, Mrs. L. LeBron. I leave my readers to imagine the happy meeting and the enjoyable hours they will spend together after a separation of fourteen years.
Mr. L. LeBron has pre-empted the claim joining Dr. Nealley's homestead on the south, and is now preparing a home thereon for his family. Mr. LeBron is one of Collyer's earliest settlers, and it will be exceedingly pleasant for his many friends to have himself and family so close to town.
March 18, 1885 (reprinted 1979) Western Kansas World
Mr. James O'Toole has moved a house upon his claim, six miles west of Collyer.
Wheeler Bros. are preparing for spring trade by giving their store a fresh coat of paint.
Mr. Spicer's little twins were christened last Sabbath, by the priest, as Francis and Vincen.
The music of the little sparrows, who have remained with us all winter, is now augmented by the arrival of the meadow larks, killdeers, and blackbirds.
Captain Holladay returned from Chicago on Monday. He reports having a "jolly time" in that busy city, and it must be that which has induced him to sell out here and seek again the tossing billows of Lake Michigan.
It was fun for the boy, but not so much for the people in town, who were aroused Sunday night by the cry of "Fire." Failing to see any blaze, some sought their neighbors, who were equally mystified. Perhaps said boy was deeply sympathizing with those sufferers from prairie fire far to the south.
Though the wind blew quite severe on Sunday there was a large attendance at the Catholic church, and the services were held until past noon. The ladies who labored so earnestly to raise funds to repair the church are now urging the matter forward, and work will be commenced immediately. Besides plastering the walls, it is intended to ceil, put in new seats and a rear stone chimney. Should their funds be exhausted in making these improvement, it has been suggested that another entertainment be given to raise funds to fence the church property.
March 21, 1885 The Wa-Keeney World
Wa-Keeney World changes its name to "Western Kansas World.&qout;
May 23, 1885 Western Kansas World -Collyer Cawings
The fireguard plowers passed through here on Tuesday. Their five plows, each drawn by a span of horses, besides an emigrant wagon and an extra horse for riding, formed quite a procession.
Before this appears in print the next party of the Woman's Relief Corps will be a pleasure only in memory. The ladies who have given so many successful entertainments of the kind are now busy preparing for one to be given at the Occidental Hotel Friday evening. It is hoped that that a full attendance will be had, notwithstanding the notice has been short, owing to the fact that until last Saturday it was not certain the hotel could be had for the purpose.
June 27, 1885 Western Kansas World - Collyer Cawings
The heat of Thursday was lessened by a heavy rain that night. So incessant were the flashes of lightning that they could hardly be watched without dizziness.
School children are enjoying their first week of vacation....
The numerous home duties at this season of the year, and the heat of last Saturday failed to detain the members of the W.R.C. at home. Last Saturday's meeting was held at the school house, as that building is a much cooler one than the G.A.R. rooms. The number of the corps is steadily increasing, two more ladies having been admitted to membership at the last meeting. All loyal ladies are eligible to membership, and such will find the society's meetings a real pleasure, and thus be rewarded for helping sustain so good a cause.
Wm. Stark, who has been at work near Minneapolis, Kansas, for some time, returned home Saturday evening, and started back again this (Wednesday) morning. We learn that he intends to move his family there in Aug. or Sept.
October 29, 1885 Western Kansas World - Collyer Cawings
L.T. Pumphrey is now a full-fledged citizen of Collyer, having cast his first ballot at the primary elections, and also taken a homestead a few miles north of town.
About two weeks ago a statement was made in this column that B.O. Richards had donated the use of the hotel for a W.R.C. dance. Such was the fact as understood at that time by the entertainment committee. Since the party, a charge of $5 has been made for the use of the house, and the same paid by the ladies.
Collyer doesn't seem to furnish much land business. In addition to the fall of the railroad land sign, the one on the original land office has its lettering this week changed to "Meat Market," while aside of the land sign of Zavodsky & Zeman, now hangs one to indicate the shoemaking craft.
November 11, 1885 Western Kansas World (Collyer Cawings)
THE CRYSTAL WEDDING
of Mr. & Mrs. R.G. Kessler is pronounced the social event of the season. Upon every hand praises are heard, and all join in saying that a most enjoyable evening was passed. The comfort and pleasure of each guest were studied, and, what is so often forgotten, the comfort of the horses as well; each stall had been well filled with hay, and with the guests it mush have added much to their evening's enjoyment to know that their faithful beasts were both well housed and fed.
Between seventy-five and eighty guests responded to the invitations, among those from Wa-Keeney being Mr. and Mrs. Monroe, Mr. and Mrs. Kyle, Dr. and Mrs. Jones and Chas. Benedict.
Mr. H.D. Chase added to the mirth of the occasion by reading "The Henshpecked Husband," his "brogue" being particularly admired.
A large and beautiful array of gifts were presented: (a partial list of gifts and givers: - sent by Mrs. Kessler's only sister, Mrs. H.H. Cole, of Peoria, Ill., ... G.V. York and H. Tasker; James and Hannah Walsh, and Morrie Goodwin, Mr. and Mrs. Jones; Mr. and Mrs. Knight; Mr. and Mrs. Birkeland; Mr. and Mrs. LeBron; Mrs. Benedict; Messrs. Pumphrey and Hollington; Mr. and Mrs. Peleg Richards and Ed. O'Toole; Mr. and Mrs. Gubbins, Mr. and Mrs. Chase; Mr. and Mrs. Moore, of Wa-Keeney.....)
May 21, 1887 Western Kansas World - Collyer Cawings
Many of the old settlers are complaining of ill health this spring, and a lack of vital energy. Especially is this true of our veteran citizens, who now experience the effects of both army exposures and pioneer privations and hardships.
If any one can look at the landscape formed by our neat depot in the center of a thrifty grove of trees, under whose branches grows a fragrant bed of alfalfa, and not call it pretty, his love of the beautiful is certainly deficient.
Mr. Hansen, of Norton county, spent a few days in western Trego last week in the capacity of Sunday school missionary. He lectured, Thursday evening at Big Creek school house, and made an appointment to organize a Sunday school there on the following Sabbath.
At the regular meeting of the Collyer, W.C.T.U., last Saturday, Mrs G.W. Kessler was unanimously elected delegate to the county convention, to be held at Wa Keeney May 20. After the meeting, a few chosen members distributed temperance literature by house visitation.
Boreas' breath on Monday morning was exceedingly chilling, and reminded one of the several hail-storm seasons of the past, and which the newer counties are now enduring. If the emigrants only considered these things, they would certainly not pass Trego's inviting prairies for lands farther west.
Rev. Weller preached both morning and evening in Collyer last Sabbath, and during the afternoon filled his regular appointment at the Cass school house, over on the Saline. Catholic services were held by Father O'Brien in the morning at the church of that denomination, the closing exercises being in memory of a sister of a family of the congregation.
Collyer Union Sunday school last Sabbath voted to have a picnic some time during the latter part of June next, and to offer a prize for the most regular attendance upon the school until that time the prize to be given at the picnic. All scholars, whether members of the Bible or infant class, can compete for the prize. Who will try? A committee of four was elected to visit the families in the vicinity, and invite them to attend the school. Misses Teague, Bundy, Siebert and Bartlett are such committee.
Mr. Richards has purchased a new wagon.
The hills are putting on a green appearance.
Sunday evening the uncommon croak of the frogs was heard.
Mr. Robb came down to the forestry station Friday, and returned Saturday.
February 11, 1888 - from the Western Kansas World
Miss Lehman, of Quinter, visited Nellie Kessler last week.
It has been rumored that Collyer will have another store soon.
A few cattle are reported as having died with the blackleg.
Don't fail to come to the masquerade ball, Feb. 14, in the G. A. R. Hall.
A large number of masks have been received, and are being rapidly sold.
Groundhog day dawned cloudy, but the sun shone out during the day sufficiently to enable him to see his shadow.
E. C. Cohon had a valuable cow struck by an engine last week, and thinks she will die. Those living near the railroad should watch cattle.
Mr. John Conner, living north of Collyer, is having his well made deeper, and will also put a Superior pump in, for which J. L. Bundy is agent.
Since the death of Rev. J. Q. A. Weller, the Congregational church of Collyer has stood unfinished; but we understand it is to be completed now as rapidly as possible.
The literary society failed to liven up, and a motion was made and carried, last night, that the literary society adjourn, to meet at some future time, when its members should want it. It seems strange that Collyer can't have a good literary, but can have some of the largest dances in the county. After adjournment was made, the few went to the hotel, and enjoyed a game of cards.
March 24, 1888 Western Kansas World
Mr. Walter Bruner started yesterday in pursuit of his mules, which disappeared Sunday, and when last heard from were beyond the north fork of the Saline, probably on their way back to Jewell county, whence they came.
Rev. Richard, a Congregationalist, preached a very interesting sermon Sunday morning. After services were over a vote was taken as to whether Rev. Richard would or would not be agreeable to the people. The vote was carried unanimously in favor of the affirmative.
A high wind prevailed Sunday from the Southwest, and huge clouds of dust were whirled high in the air, greatly resembling the smoke of a prairie fire. During the night the wind subsided long enough to change to the north, and a hard shower of rain fell which soon turned to sleet and snow. Another light snow fell last night.
Old Settlers.
Their Splendid Organization at Collyer
Collyer, Kans., March 17, 1888. For the past three weeks the old settlers of 1878,'79,'80 of Collyer and vicinity had, through their untiring energy and true western Kansas grit, set aside March 17, 1888, as a day in which they were to celebrate their tenth anniversary upon what has in former years been known as "the Great American Desert." A call was made by a few of its citizens, and a temporary organization was effected by electing a temporary president and secretary and committees, who had rallied to the call of what they then considered an important work. It is said that "large bodies move slowly;" but this, being of the opposite nature, it was truly grand to see the few men, women and children who comprise the settlers of 78, '79 and '80 get this work in motion. Committees assembled promptly at every call. Hurried consultations were held, and runners were dispatched with electric speed all over our beautiful prairies to the various settlers' homes, hen roosts, pig pens, stock corrals, and even the old settlers' stand-by, the jack rabbit - all were reminded that a writ of habeas corpus would be served on them in the near future for the benefit of the old settlers' dinner that was to be served on that day.
THE SEVENTEENTH CAME,
and with it one of the finest days of the season - a cloudless sky, a warm sun and scarcely a breeze - a day fitted and prepared by Nature, not to be excelled, (at least this was the expression of every one present,) by any of its sister days. By 9:30 A.M. the horny-fisted sons of toil could be seen wending their way toward Collyer from every direction, and the passenger train due here at 11 A.M. brought many of our old friends from Ogallah and Wa Keeney, who, with us, claim the honor of being the old settlers. There were invited guests from other parts of our county, whom we recognize, not only as friends, but friends of ten years' standing in Trego county.
At precisely 1:30 P.M., those who were assigned to the duty of preparing the dinner informed the president that the last act was performed, and the
TABLES ALL READY
for the guests. The seating of those present occupied by a few moments, as the committee on seating were thoroughly acquainted with their duties. Mr. B.O. Richards and his estimable wife were given
THE POST OF HONOR,
at the end of the table. The officers of the organization were seated at the opposite side. The speakers, visiting friends and old settlers were all assigned their proper places; and, when all were seated, they numbered 107.
We hesitate to give the bill of fare on this occasion, from the fact that some who were not here, in reading it over, (and being hungry at the same time,) might be struck very forcibly with the heart disease. Our visiting friends can vouch for us, but we will use a very mild term, and say it was good.
PROGRAM
Music, - America - Mrs. Cartright.
Prayer, - J.C. Elliott.
Dinner
Music - Instrumental. - Miss Ella Lahman.
Letters of Regret Read.
Opening Address. - President J.W.Burns.
Address of Welcome. - S.C. Robb.
Past, Present, and Future of Trego County - Judge S.J. Osborn.
Settlers of Collyer Township. - John A. Nelson
Music - New Electric Light. - C.A. Cartright
Our Trade. - J.C. Martin.
Address to the Young People. - Rev. J. C. Elliott.
Benediction. - Rev. J.C. Elliott.
At the close of the exercises, the president announced that the audience would adjourn to the reception rooms, boulevard and park; also that the city was at the disposal to our guests, and that he hoped they would try to pass the time for one hour. The hope was expressed, that in the meantime the old settlers would register at the secretary's desk, immediately after which they would proceed to form a permanent organization.
We would like to give a verbatim report of those who addressed the organization, to show that Trego county has had within her borders for the past ten years men of ability, strength and force of mind to cope with any others of our fair land; but our secretary had
EATEN SO MUCH DINNER
that it caused him to shove his pencil down into his pocket, and sit with his mouth open, drinking in all the speaker said.
The following is a true copy of the names of the members of the Old Settlers' organization of Collyer,
also giving the dates of their arrival at this place:
J. F. Condon, May 2, '78
Geo. V. York, April 25, '79
P. Richards, Nov. 16, '69
W. Spicer, May --, '78
T. K. Phillips, May 10, '78
S. C. Robb, June 5, '78
J. H. Siebert, Mar. 24, '79
Wm. Morris, Mar. --, '80
S. C. Davis, May 1, '78
Henry F. Knight, Mar. 1, '79
John DeSantos, Mar. 10, '79
John W. Burns, Mar. 17, '78
C. A. Sperry, Oct. --, '78
>A. P. Elliott, ----------------
>J. C. Martin, Sep. 18, '79
Lucy Sperry, Apr. 17, '78
B. O. Richards, Feb. 2, '79
Wm. Hillbrand, June --, '79
Wm. Walsh, Mar. 17, '79
James Power, Mar. 25, '79
Chas. P. Adams April --, '79
Mrs. Hattie Robb, Jan. 27, '79
Mrs. M. A. Brown, May 15, '80
Mr. Jos. Brown Dec. 12, '79
Mrs. Kate Walsh, June --, '78
Miss Millie Brown, May --, '80
Mrs. Lucy Adams, Aug. --, '80
Miss Dasie Martin, Oct. 8, 79
Miss Kate McDonald, Aug. --, '80
Mrs. H. E. York, May --, '79
Geo. W. Blackwell, Oct. 28, '79
Geo. W. Kessler, Mar. 25, '79
R. G. Kessler, Mar. 17, '78
Mrs. Frances Kessler, June 24, '78
David Fouts, June 6, '78
Victory Zawodsky, April 21, '79
Larry LeBron, Mar. 17, '78
Letters were received from a few of our number who, we shall be glad to say, were some of the first here. The dates are not given, but we will give a copy of their letters, showing that they have a kind sympathy for us yet:
(Manhattan, Kan., March 14, 1888.) Committee Old Settlers' Association, Collyer, Kansas, Dear Sirs: Yours, containing invitation to attend a re-union of old settlers, is at hand. I much regret that my health will not permit my acceptance of the invitation. Wishing you a happy anniversary and a prosperous year, I am respectfully, D.W. Davies.
(Leavenworth, Kan., 3-14, 1888.) To R.G. Kessler, Chairman Invitation Committee, Collyer, Kan.:
Your kind and beautiful invitation to be present and enjoy the old settlers' re-union, is at hand. It is pleasant to be remembered with those who have the privilege of planting the first seeds for future harvests, both spiritual and temporal: and, while circumstances will not permit me to be present with you in person, i shall be in thought, and wish you all many happy returns of the occasion. Respectfully yours, G.T. Stickney. Cor. Main and Delaware streets.
April 12, 1888 Trego County Republican
J. L. Brown, of Collyer, has secured the job on the court house. He swings his hammer like an old stone mason.
A. Sperry was in the city to-day as the assessor for Collyer township.
This is good weather to improve your premises, set out trees, keep your house(?) attractive, and otherwise improve and build up the town.
From Western Kansas World Files: (1979 reprint)
1887 The Kansas State Forestry Station at Ogallah, Kansas was established. Mr S.C. Robb, Collyer Original Settler from Chicago, accepted the appointment by Gov. John A. Martin as the first State Commissioner of Forestry.
1901 March 16 - Collyer is going to improve by having a new lumber yard added to it.
1907 March 23 - Last Thursday night a most disastrous fire visited our neighbor town on the west, Collyer. The fire started in the drugstore belonging to J.H. Wood, the real estate man, and did not let up its fiendish work until it destroyed the barber shop belonging to J. Kessler, general store and post office of C.C. Hickman and the commercial hotel, run by J. Matthews. The origin of the fire is unknown. This is a hard blow on Collyer and WaKeeney sympathizes with her in her sad misfortune. But Phoenx-like she will rise from the ashes and build up larger and better than before.
1907 December 28 - On Tuesday morning between 1 and 2 o'clock fire started in the little building which Mr. Howe used for storing undertaking supplies. It spread rapidly and by the time the sleeping town was aroused the old World office was on fire and the iron clad building in which Dr. Helm's dental office and H.E. Prudy's tailor shop were located soon caught and it took strenuous effort to keep it from spreading to the new bank building. The windows became very hot and much anxiety was felt for the safety of the building, flying cinders set fire to Keraus' hardware store which was put out by shoveling snow onto the roof where the fire started. Although these buildings were old a considerable loss is sustained. We have not learned the amount of insurance with which they were covered. The origin of the fire is not known. The night being snowy and not very windy was not doubt the means of saving the north end of Main street form utter destruction.
1908 The top of the supply tank at the Collyer depot was burned off on September 26.
1911 Five cents bounty was put on rabbits by the County Commissioner, effective Oct. 15th.
1914 Another wolf hunt took place north of Collyer on the 25th of February. Two were killed and three got away.
1916 The Collyer Advance newspaper was stared in July by Dr. G.A. Lacerte.
1917 Fred Kessler, Ogallah, was the first man called in the National Selective Draft.
1918 A battalion of Kansas State Guards has been formed in the territory and its composed of two companies at hays, one in Ellis, one in WaKeeney, and one at Collyer.
1919 Shaw and Bingham purchased the Western Kansas World from H.S. Givler.
1925 May 21 - The firm of Shaw and Bingham was dissolved. F.D. Shaw will be the new owner and editor of the World.
1926 Trego County has a population of 6,084 according to the March 1st assessor's records. There are 245 tractors, 84 combines and 105 radios in the county.
1928 The population of Trego County is 6,150. Populations of the towns are as follows: WaKeeney, 1214; Collyer 239 and Ogallah 129.
1928 May 10 - Highway South 40 will be graveled from WaKeeney west through the county. At present it is already graveled from WaKeeney to the east county line.
1932 July 6 - Postage is increased to 3 cents for first class letters.
1934 May 10 - Bounty on coyotes set at $1.00 - 5 cents on crows.
1935 Over 7,000 rabbits killed in drive 20 miles south of Collyer on January 13. Other drives are scheduled for Jan. 22- 24 - 27 -29 and February 3.
1938 May & June - Floods during the past month have caused $50,000 worth of damage to bridges, culverts, and roads of Trego County.
1939 May 23 - H.S. Givler, publisher of the World from 1894 to 1919 passed away following a heart attack.
1940 October 29 - Chris Funk had first draft number from Trego County called in the National Service Act or World War II.
1941 December 11 - Italy and Germany declare war on U.S.
1942 February 16 - 307 men are registered in Trego County for military service.
1942 April 23 - Sugar rationing to be started in May. Allotment will be 1/2 lb per person. Special allotment for home canning possible. 5,177 applications made.
1942 July - Motorists will be required after July 15 to turn in a worn-out auto part before accepting a new part according to ruling made by the War Production Board.
1942 August 1 - Sixty tons of old rubber and tires have been collected in Trego County for the war effort.
1943 February 3 - U.S. Army bomber from Topeka Air Base carrying a crew of seven men crashed on the Horace Geiss farm (WaKeeney), killing one of the crew and injuring two others.
1943 Rationing begins in March on all beef, pork, canned fish, fats, oils and cheese. Canned goods rationing was started in February.
1943 May 7 - U.S. bomber crashed six miles southwest of WaKeeney when it ran out of fuel and failed to find a runway in the area. Six crewmen parachuted to safety.
1944 May 4 - Rationing removed on all meat except steaks and roasts.
1944 May 17 - Dedication of the Trego County Honor Roll, a concrete and white stucco monument in the corner of the courtyard, containing a roll call of the 600 men from Trego County fighting in the war.
1945 February 1 - WaKeeney joins the nation in "brownout." No electricity to be used for outdoor lighting, signs or window displays.
1947 May 10 - Local draft office closed.
1963 September - First National Bank moves from Collyer to new building in WaKeeney. A grand opening was held September 7.
1966 June - Unified School District 208 becomes a legal entity on Friday, July 1. At this time 10 elementary districts and two high schools will merge under one administration.
1966 November - One of the oldest firms in the county, Mack-Welling Lumber, of Collyer announces its quitting business sale.
1971 April - Union Pacific passenger service discontinued on April 30.
1976 January - Dr. Gerald Tomanek, former Collyer resident and son of Mr. and Mrs. John Tomanek., of Collyer, named President of Fort Hays State College.
1976 May - Collyer celebration of the National Bicentennial is huge success. 1600 register on Sunday, May 30: 1200 served at barbecue dinner on Monday.
Special thanks to: Jerry & Cathy Millard and the Western Kansas World Files and a special thanks to Steve Parke for all of his hours of research that made this article possible.
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